This section on Parts of Speech is your second lesson. Remember the first lesson so that this lesson will be very clear for understanding...
This section on Parts of Speech is your second lesson. Remember the first lesson so that this lesson will be very clear for understanding.
You saw in the first lesson that the words are very important in the formation of sentences.
The words constitute the Parts of Speech.
The words used in English are divided into eight parts accordingto the functions carried out by those words in a sentence.
Those EIGHT PARTS are:
1. Noun 2. Verb 3.Adjective 4. Adverb 5. Pronoun 6.Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection
All these parts of speech have their own roles in the formation of sentences. In the following lessons, we can see all these parts of speeches indepth. Now,let us see these eight parts one by one briefly.
1.Noun:
A noun is a word used as a name of a person, place, thing,
state, quality, activity, action etc...
Examples:
• Mr. John is our English teacher.
In this sentence the words “Mr. John” and “teacher” are nouns.
• Harvard University is the oldest University.
In this sentence the words “Harvard” and “University” are nouns.
• Lions live in forest.
In this sentence the words “Lion” and “forest” are nouns.
• He is my best friend.
In this sentence, the words “He” and “friend” are nouns.
London, New Delhi, Himalaya, philosophy, beauty, car, road,
Management, science, school, students, books, Mrs. Raman, tree,
mango, fruits and flowers are few of the nouns.
Few other nouns are ball, town, bill, boy, child, hospital,
hotel, home, hall, fame, college, road, fruit, computer etc…
The another part in the parts of speech is
2.Verb:
A verb is a word used to express an action or state.
Examples:
• She wrote a letter.
In this sentence, the word “wrote” indicates what she did. So the word “wrote” (write) is a verb.
• New York is big city.
In this sentence, what is now the city “New York” is indicated by the word “is”. So the word “is” is a verb.
• The child played in the hall.
Here in this sentence, “what the child did” is indicated by the word “played”. So the word “played” (play) is a verb.
Few other verbs are talk, walk, speak, kill, elect, eat, conclude, confess, convene, collect, go, freeze, pass, communicate, learn etc…
To know more about Verb
Verbs are the word denoting actions or states.
You saw in the first lesson that the words are very important in the formation of sentences.
The words constitute the Parts of Speech.
The words used in English are divided into eight parts accordingto the functions carried out by those words in a sentence.
Those EIGHT PARTS are:
1. Noun 2. Verb 3.Adjective 4. Adverb 5. Pronoun 6.Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection
All these parts of speech have their own roles in the formation of sentences. In the following lessons, we can see all these parts of speeches indepth. Now,let us see these eight parts one by one briefly.
1.Noun:
A noun is a word used as a name of a person, place, thing,
state, quality, activity, action etc...
Examples:
• Mr. John is our English teacher.
In this sentence the words “Mr. John” and “teacher” are nouns.
• Harvard University is the oldest University.
In this sentence the words “Harvard” and “University” are nouns.
• Lions live in forest.
In this sentence the words “Lion” and “forest” are nouns.
• He is my best friend.
In this sentence, the words “He” and “friend” are nouns.
London, New Delhi, Himalaya, philosophy, beauty, car, road,
Management, science, school, students, books, Mrs. Raman, tree,
mango, fruits and flowers are few of the nouns.
Few other nouns are ball, town, bill, boy, child, hospital,
hotel, home, hall, fame, college, road, fruit, computer etc…
The another part in the parts of speech is
2.Verb:
A verb is a word used to express an action or state.
Examples:
• She wrote a letter.
In this sentence, the word “wrote” indicates what she did. So the word “wrote” (write) is a verb.
• New York is big city.
In this sentence, what is now the city “New York” is indicated by the word “is”. So the word “is” is a verb.
• The child played in the hall.
Here in this sentence, “what the child did” is indicated by the word “played”. So the word “played” (play) is a verb.
Few other verbs are talk, walk, speak, kill, elect, eat, conclude, confess, convene, collect, go, freeze, pass, communicate, learn etc…
To know more about Verb
Verbs are the word denoting actions or states.
Examples:
• Mr. Hales takes the class today morning.
What does Mr. Hales do today morning?
He takes the class.
The action he is doing is “taking” the class.
So the action is denoted by the word “takes”. In that case that word “takes” is the verb.
• The Students write their examination in the Lawtey hall.
Here, the word “write” is the verb.
• The university disqualified him.
Here, the word “disqualified” is the verb.
• His friends refused to support him when he was in critical moments.
Here, the word “refused” is the verb.
.
The verbs can be classified in different methods.
There are four types of verbs.
1. Transitive verbs.
A transitive verb is the verb which takes an object.
2. Intransitive verb.
An intransitive verb is a verb which does not take an object.
3. Auxiliary verb:
A verb which helps another verb to form its tense, voice or mood is called an Auxiliary verb.
4. Modal verbs:
The following verbs are called Modal verbs:.
Shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must, ought and dare are called modal verbs.
Let us see them individually.
1. Transitive verbs:
Examples:
• Mr. Hales takes the class today morning.
Let us see them individually.
1. Transitive verbs:
Examples:
• Mr. Hales takes the class today morning.
By this sentence, Mr. Hales takes the class.
Here………
The word “Mr. Hales” is the noun.
The word “the class” is the object.
The word “takes” is the verb.
Only when all the three words are there, the whole sentence becomes complete and meaningful.
In case the object word is not there, the sentence “Mr. Hales takes” conveys no meaning and
the sentence does not become complete. In that case “what does Mr. Hales take?” is not clear.
So only when the verb “takes” gets an object, the meaning behind the verb “takes” becomes complete.
That means the verb “takes” needs an object to make itself complete.
Such a verb which needs an object is called transitive verb.
That means the action of the verb is transmitted to another noun or another thing.
• They brought the suitcase two days back.
Here the verb “brought” (bring) needs an object to become meaningful.
What was brought?
The suitcase was brought by them.
So the verb “bring” (brought) is a transitive verb.
• My father has written a book which may interest you.
• We are crossing the river by a boat.
• The child is reading English poems clearly.
• An uncivilized man killed John Kennedy.
• She created this structure for our proposed-house.
• My teacher gave me a pen before I entered the exam-hall.
• They sell their properties.
In all the seven sentences given above, the respective verbs
“write”, “cross”, “read”, “kill”, “create”,“give” and “sell”
need their respective objects to make the sentences meaningful.
So, all these verbs are transitive verbs.
Few other “Transitive verbs” are: build, carry, begin, bear,
eat, choose, eat, find, forget, feed, drink, deal, cling, give,
grind, have, hold, make, ride, lend, know, learn, win, steal,
weave, shut, spread etc…
2. Intransitive verbs.
• We are crossing the river by a boat.
• The child is reading English poems clearly.
• An uncivilized man killed John Kennedy.
• She created this structure for our proposed-house.
• My teacher gave me a pen before I entered the exam-hall.
• They sell their properties.
In all the seven sentences given above, the respective verbs
“write”, “cross”, “read”, “kill”, “create”,“give” and “sell”
need their respective objects to make the sentences meaningful.
So, all these verbs are transitive verbs.
Few other “Transitive verbs” are: build, carry, begin, bear,
eat, choose, eat, find, forget, feed, drink, deal, cling, give,
grind, have, hold, make, ride, lend, know, learn, win, steal,
weave, shut, spread etc…
2. Intransitive verbs.
As stated above, an intransitive verb is the verb that does not take an object.
Examples:
• He laughed loudly.
In this sentence, the verb “laughed” does not need an object to complete the sentence.
In this sentence, the verb “laughed” does not need an object to complete the sentence.
So the verb “laugh” is an intransitive verb.
• I daily wake up at 5am.
Here the verb “wake” does not need an object for completing itself.
• I daily wake up at 5am.
Here the verb “wake” does not need an object for completing itself.
So the verb “wake” is an intransitive verb.
• The ball fell down.
The verb “fell” (fall) is an intransitive verb.
• They are sitting on their cars.
The verb “sitting” (sit) is an intransitive verb.
• They are sitting on their cars.
The verb “sitting” (sit) is an intransitive verb.
• The river is winding through the forest.
Here the verb “winding” (wind) is an intransitive verb.
Here the verb “winding” (wind) is an intransitive verb.
Few verbs go, fall, die, sleep etc are exclusively intransitive.
Few more “Intransitive verbs” are: swim, stand, sit, sink, smite, shine, run, rise, lie, leave, kneel, grow etc…
Notes:
1. Many Transitive verbs can be used as Intransitive verbs as well.
Examples:
a. They fought their enemies. (Transitive verb).
They fought fiercely. (Intransitive verb).
They fought fiercely. (Intransitive verb).
b. He spoke the truth. (Transitive verb).
He spoke to me. (Intransitive verb).
c. The peon rings the bell. (Transitive verb).
The bell rings continuously. (Intransitive verb).
d. He walks. (Transitive verb).
The hostler walks the horse. (Intransitive verb).
e. Birds fly in the air. (Transitive verb).
The observatory flies balloon to study weather. (Intransitive verb).
f. The bulb broke. (Transitive verb).
The students broke the glass. (Intransitive verb).
He spoke to me. (Intransitive verb).
c. The peon rings the bell. (Transitive verb).
The bell rings continuously. (Intransitive verb).
d. He walks. (Transitive verb).
The hostler walks the horse. (Intransitive verb).
e. Birds fly in the air. (Transitive verb).
The observatory flies balloon to study weather. (Intransitive verb).
f. The bulb broke. (Transitive verb).
The students broke the glass. (Intransitive verb).
Another type of verb is called “Auxiliary verb”.
3. Auxiliary verb:
A verb which helps another verb to form its tense, voice or mood is called an Auxiliary verb.
3. Auxiliary verb:
A verb which helps another verb to form its tense, voice or mood is called an Auxiliary verb.
Have, be(am,are,was and were) and do are usually used as auxiliary verbs, they can be used as Main verbs as well.
Examples:
• I have few urgent works. (Main)
They have done very well in the examinations. (Auxiliary)
• God is in Heaven. (Main)
He is liked by all. (Auxiliary)
• The man does his work quietly. (Main)
Did he come here? (Main)
4. Modal verbs:
The following verbs are called Modal verbs.
Shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must, ought and dare are called modal verbs.
SHALL:
When “shall” is used in the second or third person, it has the force of a command, a promise,
They have done very well in the examinations. (Auxiliary)
• God is in Heaven. (Main)
He is liked by all. (Auxiliary)
• The man does his work quietly. (Main)
Did he come here? (Main)
4. Modal verbs:
The following verbs are called Modal verbs.
Shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must, ought and dare are called modal verbs.
SHALL:
When “shall” is used in the second or third person, it has the force of a command, a promise,
a thread, determination, certainty…
i. You shall not go out without my permission.
ii. He shall get my help.
iii. She shall be punished for his mistake.
iv. He shall apologize for his behavior.
v. No man shall take this way.
WILL:
When “will” is used in the first person, it can express (in addition to the future tense) willingness,
a promise, a threat, determination…
i. I will help you.
ii. I will be there in your wedding.
iii. I will not allow him to go.
iv. I will not miss this opportunity.
MAY:
“May” has the force of possibility and permission. In the past tense “might” is used.
i. He may come here.
ii. You may go now.
iii. I believed that he might be honest.
CAN:
“Can” has the force of ability and permission.
i. He can do this work easily.
ii. She can go home.
iii. Everyone can learn this subject.
MUST:
“Must” has the force of compulsion, necessity, determination, duty, certainty of belief, inevitability…
i. Everybody must attend this function.
ii. I must go urgently.
iii. I must have full freedom.
iv. A minister must be honest.
v. She must be made to talk like this.
vi. This building must be demolished in near future.
OUGHT:
“Ought” indicated duty or moral obligation.
i. You ought to be careful.
ii. As the secretary I ought to have attended that meeting.
This verb “ought” must be followed by “to”.
DARE:
“Dare” conveys the force of challenge or the courage to do a thing.
i. He dare not oppose me.
ii. The prime Minister dared the opposition to prove the charge.
NEED:
“Need” has the force of necessity or obligation.
i. You shall not go out without my permission.
ii. He shall get my help.
iii. She shall be punished for his mistake.
iv. He shall apologize for his behavior.
v. No man shall take this way.
WILL:
When “will” is used in the first person, it can express (in addition to the future tense) willingness,
a promise, a threat, determination…
i. I will help you.
ii. I will be there in your wedding.
iii. I will not allow him to go.
iv. I will not miss this opportunity.
MAY:
“May” has the force of possibility and permission. In the past tense “might” is used.
i. He may come here.
ii. You may go now.
iii. I believed that he might be honest.
CAN:
“Can” has the force of ability and permission.
i. He can do this work easily.
ii. She can go home.
iii. Everyone can learn this subject.
MUST:
“Must” has the force of compulsion, necessity, determination, duty, certainty of belief, inevitability…
i. Everybody must attend this function.
ii. I must go urgently.
iii. I must have full freedom.
iv. A minister must be honest.
v. She must be made to talk like this.
vi. This building must be demolished in near future.
OUGHT:
“Ought” indicated duty or moral obligation.
i. You ought to be careful.
ii. As the secretary I ought to have attended that meeting.
This verb “ought” must be followed by “to”.
DARE:
“Dare” conveys the force of challenge or the courage to do a thing.
i. He dare not oppose me.
ii. The prime Minister dared the opposition to prove the charge.
NEED:
“Need” has the force of necessity or obligation.
When this verb “need” is used to mean obligation in the negative or interrogative form,
‘s’ is not added to need in the third person singular(present tense).
i. She need not come here.
ii. It need not be white in the Shirt.
iii. He need not have educational qualifications.
For you attention please:
‘s’ is not added to need in the third person singular(present tense).
i. She need not come here.
ii. It need not be white in the Shirt.
iii. He need not have educational qualifications.
For you attention please:
The list of verbs is long one.
Every sentence will have a noun and a verb(predicate as well).
For your kind attention, few verbs have been given below.
1. arise 2. bear 3. beat 4. behold 5. bid 6. bite 7. blow 8. break 9. begin 10. become 11. bind 12. bleed 13. build 14. burn 15. carry 16. catch 17. cling 18. come 19. deal 20. creep 21. do 22. draw 23. drink 24. eat 25. fall 26. feed 27. feel 28. fight 29. find 30. fling 31. flee 32. forbid 33. forget 34. forsake 35. freeze 36. get 37. give 38. grind 39. have 40. hold 41. kneel 42. know 43. lay 44. lead 45. learn 46. leave 47. lend 48. lie 49. loose 50. make 51. mean 52. meet 53. pay 54. read 55. rid 56. ride 57. ring 58. run 59. rise 60. see 61. set 62. shoot 63. sling 64. slit 65. speak 66. slay 67. shake 68. shed 69. slide 70. spin 71. split 72. spring 73. stand 74. wed 75. write
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